What Is The Equilibrium Price (P) And Quantity (Q - In Thousands) Of Bottles Of Nail Polish?

Nail Shine

Background

Unlike many other cosmetics that take a history of hundreds or even thousands of years, nail smoothen (or lacquer, or enamel) is virtually completely an invention of twentieth century technology. Boom coverings were not unknown in ancient times—the upper classes of ancient Egypt probably used henna to dye both hair and fingernails—but essentially, its composition, manufacture and handling reflect developments in modernistic chemic engineering.

Modern nail polish is sold in liquid class in small bottles and is applied with a tiny castor. Within a few minutes afterward application, the substance hardens and forms a shiny coating on the fingernail that is both water- and flake-resistant. Generally, a coating of nail polish may final several days before it begins to chip and fall off. Nail polish tin also be removed manually by applying nail shine "remover," a substance designed to pause down and dissolve the shine.

Raw Materials

At that place is no unmarried formula for nail polish. There are, however, a number of ingredient types that are used. These basic components include: film forming agents, resins and plasticizers, solvents, and coloring agents. The exact formulation of a smash smooth, apart from being a corporate secret, greatly depends upon choices made by chemists and chemical engineers in the enquiry and development phase of manufacturing. Additionally, as chemicals and other ingredients become accepted or discredited for some uses, adjustments are made. For example, formaldehyde was one time oftentimes used in polish product, but at present it is rarely used.

The primary ingredient in nail polish is nitrocellulose (cellulose nitrate) cotton fiber, a flammable and explosive ingredient too used in making dynamite. Nitrocellulose is a liquid mixed with tiny, virtually-microscopic cotton wool fibers. In the manufacturing procedure, the cotton fibers are footing fifty-fifty smaller and do not need to be removed. The nitrocellulose can exist purchased in various viscosities to lucifer the desired viscosity of the final product.

Nitrocellulose acts as a motion-picture show forming agent. For nail polish to work properly, a hard moving picture must form on the exposed surface of the smash, simply information technology cannot class then quickly that it prevents the textile underneath from drying. (Consider commercial puddings or gelatin products that dry or motion-picture show on an exposed surface and protect the moist product underneath.) Past itself or used with other functional ingredients, the nitrocellulose picture is brittle and adheres poorly to nails.

Manufacturers add together constructed resins and plasticizers (and occasionally similar, natural products) to their mixes to improve flexibility, resistance to soap and water, and other qualities; older recipes sometimes even used nylon for this purpose. Considering of the number of desired qualities involved, still, in that location is no unmarried resin or combination of resins that meets every specification. Amidst the resins and plasticizers in use today are castor oil, amyl and butyl stearate, and mixes of glycerol, fatty acids, and acetic acids.

The colorings and other components of nail shine must exist contained within one or more solvents that hold the colorings and other materials until the polish is practical. Afterward application, the solvent must be able to evaporate. In many cases, the solvent also acts a

Nail shine is made by combining nitrocellulose and plasticizers with color pigments. The mixing is done in a "two-roll" differential speed mill, which grinds the pigment between a pair of rollers that are able to piece of work with increasing speed equally the pigment is footing down. The goal is to produce fine dispersion of the colour.

plasticizer. Butyl stearate and acetate compounds are perhaps the most common.

Finally, the polish must have a color. Early polishes used soluble dyes, but today'southward product contains pigments of one type or some other. Choice of pigment and its ability to mix well with the solvent and other ingredients is essential to producing a adept quality product.

Nail polish is a "suspension" production, in which particles of color can but be held by the solvent for a relatively short menstruation of time, rarely more than two or three years. Shaking a bottle of boom polish before employ helps to restore settled particles to the suspension; a very onetime bottle of smash polish may have then much settled pigment that it can never exist restored to the solvent. The trouble of settling is perhaps the most difficult to be addressed in the manufacturing procedure.

In addition to usual coloring pigments, other., color tones tin can be added depending upon the color, tone, and hue of the desired production. Micas (tiny cogitating minerals), also used in lipsticks, are a common additive, as is "pearl" or "fish scale" essence. "Pearl" or "guanine" is literally made from modest fish scales and peel, suitably cleaned, and mixed with solvents such as brush oil and butyl acetate. The guanine can also be mixed with golden, silver, and bronze tones.

Pigment choices are restricted past the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which maintains lists of pigments considered acceptable and others that are dangerous and cannot be used. Manufacturing plants are inspected regularly, and manufacturers must be able to testify they are using only FDA canonical pigments. Since the FDA lists of adequate

Once the pigment mass is prepared, it is mixed with solvent in a stainless steel kettle. The kettle has a water-jacket to facilitate cooling of the mixture.

and unacceptable pigments change with new findings and reexaminations of colors, manufacturers occasionally have to reformulate a polish formula.

The Manufacturing
Process

Early methods of making nail smooth used a diverseness of methods that today look charmingly non-expert. One common technique was to mix cleaned scraps of movie movie and other cellulose with booze and brush oil and leave the mixture to soak overnight in a covered container. The mixture was then strained, colored, and perfumed. Though recognizable every bit smash polish, the production was far from what we have available today.

The modernistic manufacturing process is a very sophisticated functioning utilizing highly skilled workers, advanced machinery, and fifty-fifty robotics. Today's consumers wait a nail smooth to apply smoothly, evenly, and easily; to set relatively quickly; and to be resistant to chipping and peeling. In addition, the polish should be dermatologically innocuous.

Mixing the paint with nitrocellulose and plasticizer

• ane The pigments are mixed with nitrocellulose and plasticizer using a "ii-scroll" differential speed mill. This mill grinds the pigment between a pair of rollers that are able to piece of work with increasing speed as the pigment is ground downwardly. The goal is to produce fine dispersion of the color. A variation of this factory is the Banbury Mixer (used also in the product of safety for rubber bands).
• two When properly and fully milled, the mixture is removed from the mill in sail form and and then broken upward into small chips for mixing with the solvent. The mixing is performed in stainless steel kettles that tin hold anywhere from 5 to two,000 gallons. Stainless steel must be used considering the nitrocellulose is extremely reactive in the presence of iron. The kettles are jacketed and so that the mixture can be cooled by circulating common cold water or another liquid around the outside of the kettle. The temperature of the kettle, and the rate of cooling, are controlled by both computers and technicians.

  This step is performed in a special room or area designed to control the hazards of burn and explosion. Most modern factories perform this pace in an area with walls that volition shut in if an alarm sounds and, in the event of explosion, with ceilings that will safely blow off without endangering the rest of the structure.

Adding other ingredients

• three Materials are mixed in computerized, closed kettles. At the end of the process, the mix is cooled slightly before the addition of such other materials as perfumes and moisturizers.
• 4 The mixture is then pumped into smaller, 55 gallon drums, and so trucked to a production line. The finished nail polish is pumped into explosion proof pumps, and so into smaller bottles suitable for the retail market.

Quality Control

Extreme attention to quality control is essential throughout the manufacturing process. Not merely does quality control increase safety in the process, but it is the only mode that a manufacturer can be assured of consumer confidence and loyalty. A unmarried bottle of poor quality shine tin lose a client forever. Regardless of quality control, still, no single blast smooth is perfect; the polish ever represents a chemical compromise between what is desired and what the manufacturer is able to produce.

The boom polish is tested throughout the manufacturing process for several important factors (drying time, smoothness of flow, gloss, hardness, color, abrasion resistance, etc.). Subjective testing, where the mixture or final production is examined or applied, is ongoing. Objective, laboratory testing of samples, though more time consuming, is also necessary to ensure a usable product. Laboratory tests are both complicated and unforgiving, but no manufacturer would do without them.

The Future

Perhaps the major problem with smash polishes—from the consumer'south indicate of view—is the length of the drying fourth dimension. Various methods of producing fast-drying polish have recently been patented, and these methods, along with others that are notwithstanding existence developed, may result in marketable products. Of all the different types of cosmetics, boom polish is the 1 that is about likely to continue to exist positively affected by advancements and developments in the chemical science field.

Where To Learn More

Books

Balsam, One thousand. S., ed. Cosmetics: Scientific discipline & Engineering science. Krieger Publishing, 1991.

Chemical science of Soap, Detergents, & Cosmetics. Flinn Scientific, 1989.

Motion-picture show, Ernest Due west. Cosmetic & Toiletry Formulations. 2nd ed., Noyes Press, 1992.

Meyer, Carolyn. Being Beautiful: The Story of Cosmetics From Aboriginal Art to Modernistic Science. William Morrow and Visitor, 1977.

Wells, F. 5. and Irwin I. Lubowe, M.D., eds. Cosmetics and The Skin. Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1964.

Periodicals

Andrews, Edmund L. "Patents: A Boom Polish That Dries Fast." New York Times, March 7, 1992, p. 40.

Andrews, Edmund 50. "Patents: Quick-Dry out Coating for Blast Smooth." New York Times, June xiii, 1992, p. 36.

"Makeup Formulary." Cosmetics & Toiletries, April, 1986, pp. 103-22.

Ikeda, T., T. Kobayashi, and C. Tanaka. "Development of Highly Prophylactic Smash Enamel." Cosmetics & Toiletries, April, 1988, pp. 59-60+.

Schlossman, Mitchell L. "Nail Cosmetics." Cosmetics & Toiletries, April, 1986, pp. 23-4+

— Lawrence H. Berlow

Source: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Nail-Polish.html

Posted by: millershersonect.blogspot.com

Share this post